Surah baqarah:183 Bukhari:1899 Musnad Ahmad:6637
Fasting is of 5 types:
- Fard 2. Fard mu’ayyah: specified i.e. ramadan 3. Fard ghayr mu’ayyan: non specified i.e. make up fasts
- Wajib
- Wajib mu’ayyan: nadhr i.e. making an oath to fast for a specific day
- Wajib ghayr mu’ayyan: nadhr mutlaq i.e. making a conditional oath
- Nafl
- Masnoon: ashurah, 9th dhul hajj
- Mustahabb: the white days
- Makrooh tanzihi: fasting every saturday, fasting all the time, fasting by not speaking, fasting without eating, fasting specifically on Friday
- Makrooh tahrimi: fasting on eids, days of tashreeq (10, 11, 12, 13 of dhul hijjah)
Sawm literally means to abstain In shari’ah, it means abstaining from eating, drinking, intercourse from the time of the second twilight till sunset.
The niyyah of qadaa has to be done the night before, however, for nawafil fasts, you can make the niyyah after waking up.
Qawlud-dhihar: a statement a man makes to his wife such as “you are like my mothers back” surah mujadalah:3-4
They must complete kaffaarah (expiation) consisting of fasting for 60 days.
There are 5 months when searching for the moon is wajib:
- Sha’ban
- Ramadan
- Shawwal
- Dhul-qa’dah
- Dhul hijjah
Evidence for searching for the crescent moon. Baqarah:189 Sunan Abu dawood:2326
Some say we should use science and calculations, but the hadith negates this as we should look with the naked eye.
if the sky has an obstruction, then the witnessing of a single person who is just will be accepted, unless if he is a proven fornicator or accused someone of fornication and their accusation was disproven.
The coming of the second twilight is when fajr begins and the time for fasting begins. In high latitude locatinons, there are 4 ways to calculate fajr:
- Aqranul ayyam: the last day you saw the time of fajr
- Nisful layl: you split the night into two parts, first is isha, second is fajr
- Subhul layl: you distribute the night into 7 parts and the last part is fajr
- Aqrabul bilaad: the closest city that has a proper fajr and isha
- The one who breaks the fast forgetfully it is like Allah has nourished him Bukhari:6669
3 things do not break the fast:
- Hijama
- Vomiting
- Wet dreams Jaami tirmidhi:719 Darul qutni
- If you put kohl on, and you feel the taste in your throat, this is still permitted.
- The use of toothpaste is makruh tahrimi.
- The use of inhalers will break the fast. Same with nose spray.
- Taking in steam will break the fast.
- Masturbation breaks the fast, but no kaffaarah. However, the ulema say that if one is a repeat offender, he has to pay kaffaarah, as he has achieved full satisfaction. Mufti akmals opinion.
If someone eats or drinks during the fast, there is dispute whether there is kaffarah. Imam Abu hanifah says that there is qadaa and kaffarah. Saheeh ibn habbaan:3523
Kaffaarah is only applied in fasts of Ramadan.
It is makruh to release sperm between navel and knee of his wife during fasting and during her menses.
Nicotine patches, injections that do not enter the stomach, does not break the fast.
In principle, anything that enters:
- Mouth
- Nose
- Ear
- Stomach
- Anus?